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  <div class="section" id="the-very-high-level-layer">
<span id="veryhigh"></span><h1>The Very High Level Layer<a class="headerlink" href="#the-very-high-level-layer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The functions in this chapter will let you execute Python source code given in a
file or a buffer, but they will not let you interact in a more detailed way with
the interpreter.</p>
<p>Several of these functions accept a start symbol from the grammar as a
parameter.  The available start symbols are <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_eval_input</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_file_input</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_single_input</span></tt>.  These are described
following the functions which accept them as parameters.</p>
<p>Note also that several of these functions take <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILE*</span></tt> parameters.  One
particular issue which needs to be handled carefully is that the <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILE</span></tt>
structure for different C libraries can be different and incompatible.  Under
Windows (at least), it is possible for dynamically linked extensions to actually
use different libraries, so care should be taken that <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILE*</span></tt> parameters
are only passed to these functions if it is certain that they were created by
the same library that the Python runtime is using.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_Main">
int <tt class="descname">Py_Main</tt><big>(</big>int<em>&nbsp;argc</em>, wchar_t<em>&nbsp;**argv</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_Main" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The main program for the standard interpreter.  This is made available for
programs which embed Python.  The <em>argc</em> and <em>argv</em> parameters should be
prepared exactly as those which are passed to a C program&#8217;s <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt>
function (converted to wchar_t according to the user&#8217;s locale).  It is
important to note that the argument list may be modified (but the contents of
the strings pointed to by the argument list are not). The return value will
be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> if the interpreter exits normally (i.e., without an exception),
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt> if the interpreter exits due to an exception, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></tt> if the parameter
list does not represent a valid Python command line.</p>
<p>Note that if an otherwise unhandled <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt></a> is raised, this
function will not return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt>, but exit the process, as long as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_InspectFlag</span></tt> is not set.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFile">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_AnyFile</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></tt></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileFlags">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileFlags</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></tt></a> below, leaving
the <em>closeit</em> argument set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileEx">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileEx</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;closeit</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></tt></a> below, leaving
the <em>flags</em> argument set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If <em>fp</em> refers to a file associated with an interactive device (console or
terminal input or Unix pseudo-terminal), return the value of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoop"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoop()</span></tt></a>, otherwise return the result of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="PyRun_SimpleFile"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFile()</span></tt></a>.  <em>filename</em> is decoded from the filesystem
encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></tt></a>).  If <em>filename</em> is <em>NULL</em>, this
function uses <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;???&quot;</span></tt> as the filename.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleString">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_SimpleString</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*command</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleStringFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()</span></tt></a> below,
leaving the <em>PyCompilerFlags*</em> argument set to NULL.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*command</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Executes the Python source code from <em>command</em> in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt></a> module
according to the <em>flags</em> argument. If <a class="reference internal" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt></a> does not already exist, it
is created.  Returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> on success or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-1</span></tt> if an exception was raised.  If
there was an error, there is no way to get the exception information. For the
meaning of <em>flags</em>, see below.</p>
<p>Note that if an otherwise unhandled <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt></a> is raised, this
function will not return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-1</span></tt>, but exit the process, as long as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_InspectFlag</span></tt> is not set.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFile">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFile</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()</span></tt></a> below,
leaving <em>closeit</em> set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFileEx">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFileEx</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;closeit</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()</span></tt></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleStringFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()</span></tt></a>, but the Python source code is read
from <em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string. <em>filename</em> should be the name of
the file, it is decoded from the filesystem encoding
(<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></tt></a>).  If <em>closeit</em> is true, the file is
closed before PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags returns.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveOne">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveOne</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOne" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags" title="PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags()</span></tt></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read and execute a single statement from a file associated with an
interactive device according to the <em>flags</em> argument.  The user will be
prompted using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></tt>.  <em>filename</em> is decoded from the
filesystem encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p>Returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> when the input was
executed successfully, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-1</span></tt> if there was an exception, or an error code
from the <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">errcode.h</span></tt> include file distributed as part of Python if
there was a parse error.  (Note that <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">errcode.h</span></tt> is not included by
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">Python.h</span></tt>, so must be included specifically if needed.)</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveLoop</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags()</span></tt></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags">
int <tt class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read and execute statements from a file associated with an interactive device
until EOF is reached.  The user will be prompted using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></tt>.  <em>filename</em> is decoded from the filesystem encoding
(<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></tt></a>).  Returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> at EOF.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PyOS_InputHook">
int <tt class="descname">(*PyOS_InputHook)</tt><big>(</big>void<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_InputHook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Can be set to point to a function with the prototype
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span> <span class="pre">func(void)</span></tt>.  The function will be called when Python&#8217;s
interpreter prompt is about to become idle and wait for user input
from the terminal.  The return value is ignored.  Overriding this
hook can be used to integrate the interpreter&#8217;s prompt with other
event loops, as done in the <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">Modules/_tkinter.c</span></tt> in the
Python source code.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer">
char* <tt class="descname">(*PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer)</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*</em>, FILE<em>&nbsp;*</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Can be set to point to a function with the prototype
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*func(FILE</span> <span class="pre">*stdin,</span> <span class="pre">FILE</span> <span class="pre">*stdout,</span> <span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*prompt)</span></tt>,
overriding the default function used to read a single line of input
at the interpreter&#8217;s prompt.  The function is expected to output
the string <em>prompt</em> if it&#8217;s not <em>NULL</em>, and then read a line of
input from the provided standard input file, returning the
resulting string.  For example, The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module sets
this hook to provide line-editing and tab-completion features.</p>
<p>The result must be a string allocated by <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_RawMalloc" title="PyMem_RawMalloc"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawMalloc()</span></tt></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_RawRealloc" title="PyMem_RawRealloc"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawRealloc()</span></tt></a>, or <em>NULL</em> if an error occurred.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The result must be allocated by <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_RawMalloc" title="PyMem_RawMalloc"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawMalloc()</span></tt></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_RawRealloc" title="PyMem_RawRealloc"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawRealloc()</span></tt></a>, instead of being allocated by
<a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_Malloc" title="PyMem_Malloc"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyMem_Malloc()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_Realloc" title="PyMem_Realloc"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyMem_Realloc()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseString">
struct _node* <tt class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseString</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></tt></a> below, leaving  <em>filename</em> set
to <em>NULL</em> and <em>flags</em> set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags">
struct _node* <tt class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, int<em>&nbsp;flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></tt></a> below, leaving  <em>filename</em> set
to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename">
struct _node* <tt class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, int<em>&nbsp;flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse Python source code from <em>str</em> using the start token <em>start</em> according to
the <em>flags</em> argument.  The result can be used to create a code object which can
be evaluated efficiently. This is useful if a code fragment must be evaluated
many times. <em>filename</em> is decoded from the filesystem encoding
(<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></tt></a>).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseFile">
struct _node* <tt class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseFile</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags" title="PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags()</span></tt></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags">
struct _node* <tt class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, int<em>&nbsp;flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></tt></a>, but the Python
source code is read from <em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_String">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyRun_String</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*locals</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_String" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="PyRun_StringFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_StringFlags()</span></tt></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_StringFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyRun_StringFlags</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Execute Python source code from <em>str</em> in the context specified by the
dictionaries <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> with the compiler flags specified by
<em>flags</em>.  The parameter <em>start</em> specifies the start token that should be used to
parse the source code.</p>
<p>Returns the result of executing the code as a Python object, or <em>NULL</em> if an
exception was raised.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_File">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyRun_File</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*locals</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_File" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></tt></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyRun_FileEx</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*locals</em>, int<em>&nbsp;closeit</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></tt></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyRun_FileFlags</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></tt></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileExFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyRun_FileExFlags</tt><big>(</big>FILE<em>&nbsp;*fp</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*locals</em>, int<em>&nbsp;closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="PyRun_StringFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_StringFlags()</span></tt></a>, but the Python source code is read from
<em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string. <em>filename</em> should be the name of the file,
it is decoded from the filesystem encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></tt></a>).
If <em>closeit</em> is true, the file is closed before <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></tt></a>
returns.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileString">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">Py_CompileString</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileStringFlags" title="Py_CompileStringFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_CompileStringFlags()</span></tt></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileStringFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">Py_CompileStringFlags</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileStringExFlags" title="Py_CompileStringExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_CompileStringExFlags()</span></tt></a> below, with
<em>optimize</em> set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-1</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileStringObject">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">Py_CompileStringObject</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em>, int<em>&nbsp;optimize</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileStringObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse and compile the Python source code in <em>str</em>, returning the resulting code
object.  The start token is given by <em>start</em>; this can be used to constrain the
code which can be compiled and should be <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_eval_input</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_file_input</span></tt>, or <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_single_input</span></tt>.  The filename specified by
<em>filename</em> is used to construct the code object and may appear in tracebacks or
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></tt></a> exception messages.  This returns <em>NULL</em> if the code
cannot be parsed or compiled.</p>
<p>The integer <em>optimize</em> specifies the optimization level of the compiler; a
value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-1</span></tt> selects the optimization level of the interpreter as given by
<a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-O"><em class="xref std std-option">-O</em></a> options.  Explicit levels are <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> (no optimization;
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__debug__</span></tt> is true), <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt> (asserts are removed, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__debug__</span></tt> is false)
or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></tt> (docstrings are removed too).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileStringExFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">Py_CompileStringExFlags</tt><big>(</big>const char<em>&nbsp;*str</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*filename</em>, int<em>&nbsp;start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*flags</em>, int<em>&nbsp;optimize</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileStringExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileStringExFlags" title="Py_CompileStringExFlags"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_CompileStringExFlags()</span></tt></a>, but <em>filename</em> is a byte string
decoded from the filesystem encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fsdecode" title="os.fsdecode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.fsdecode()</span></tt></a>).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalCode">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyEval_EvalCode</tt><big>(</big><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*co</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*locals</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx" title="PyEval_EvalCodeEx"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyEval_EvalCodeEx()</span></tt></a>, with just
the code object, and the dictionaries of global and local variables.
The other arguments are set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyEval_EvalCodeEx</tt><big>(</big><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*co</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**args</em>, int<em>&nbsp;argcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**kws</em>, int<em>&nbsp;kwcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**defs</em>, int<em>&nbsp;defcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*closure</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate a precompiled code object, given a particular environment for its
evaluation.  This environment consists of dictionaries of global and local
variables, arrays of arguments, keywords and defaults, and a closure tuple of
cells.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalFrame">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyEval_EvalFrame</tt><big>(</big>PyFrameObject<em>&nbsp;*f</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalFrame" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate an execution frame.  This is a simplified interface to
PyEval_EvalFrameEx, for backward compatibility.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalFrameEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <tt class="descname">PyEval_EvalFrameEx</tt><big>(</big>PyFrameObject<em>&nbsp;*f</em>, int<em>&nbsp;throwflag</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalFrameEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is the main, unvarnished function of Python interpretation.  It is
literally 2000 lines long.  The code object associated with the execution
frame <em>f</em> is executed, interpreting bytecode and executing calls as needed.
The additional <em>throwflag</em> parameter can mostly be ignored - if true, then
it causes an exception to immediately be thrown; this is used for the
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#generator.throw" title="generator.throw"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">throw()</span></tt></a> methods of generator objects.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>This function now includes a debug assertion to help ensure that it
does not silently discard an active exception.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags">
int <tt class="descname">PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags</tt><big>(</big><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em>&nbsp;*cf</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function changes the flags of the current evaluation frame, and returns
true on success, false on failure.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_eval_input">
int <tt class="descname">Py_eval_input</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_eval_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-0">The start symbol from the Python grammar for isolated expressions; for use with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_file_input">
int <tt class="descname">Py_file_input</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_file_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-1">The start symbol from the Python grammar for sequences of statements as read
from a file or other source; for use with <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></tt></a>.  This is
the symbol to use when compiling arbitrarily long Python source code.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_single_input">
int <tt class="descname">Py_single_input</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_single_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-2">The start symbol from the Python grammar for a single statement; for use with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></tt></a>. This is the symbol used for the interactive
interpreter loop.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PyCompilerFlags">
struct <tt class="descname">PyCompilerFlags</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is the structure used to hold compiler flags.  In cases where code is only
being compiled, it is passed as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span> <span class="pre">flags</span></tt>, and in cases where code is being
executed, it is passed as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="pre">*flags</span></tt>.  In this case, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span>
<span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span></tt> can modify <em>flags</em>.</p>
<p>Whenever <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="pre">*flags</span></tt> is <em>NULL</em>, <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">cf_flags</span></tt> is treated as
equal to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>, and any modification due to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span></tt> is
discarded.</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">cf_flags</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.CO_FUTURE_DIVISION">
int <tt class="descname">CO_FUTURE_DIVISION</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#c.CO_FUTURE_DIVISION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This bit can be set in <em>flags</em> to cause division operator <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></tt> to be
interpreted as &#8220;true division&#8221; according to <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238"><strong>PEP 238</strong></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

</div>


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